Uncedo lwetayile yebhastile ye-ion engalunganga:
1.Khupha iiyoni ezingalunganga
Emva kokuba iiminerali zendalo kwithayile ye-ion engalunganga idibane neemolekyuli zamanzi emoyeni, intlawulo yomkhondo eqokelelweyo yenza amanzi abe yi-ioni engalunganga kunye ne-hydrogen ion.
2.Ukubola kweegesi eziyingozi
Iiyoni ezingalunganga ezikhutshwa ziithayile ze-ion ezingalunganga zinokubola iigesi ezinobungozi ezifana ne-formaldehyde kunye ne-toluene ezikhutshwe yifenitshala yangaphakathi, imigangatho, iipeyinti, kunye nezinye izinto zokwakha ngokusabela kwe-redox yee-electron.